Work Text
Consonants
labial
alveolar
velar
glottal
plosives
p ph mp
b bh mb
t th nt
d dh nd
k kh nk
g gh ng
7
affricates
pf pfh mpf
bv bvh mbv
ts tsh nts
dz dzh ndz
kx kxh nkx
gx gxh ngx
fricatives
f fh mf
v vh mv
s sh ns
z zh ns
x xh nx
ɣ ɣh nɣ
h
nasals
m
n
ŋ
approximant
w
r
w
lateral
l
in addition to being voiced or unvoiced, Labial/alveolar/velar plosives/affricates/fricatives can be plain, aspirated, or pre-nasalized.Vowels
front
central
back
closed
i
u
mid
e
o
open
a
phonotactics(C)(R)V(C)(C)
Cs are consonants.
Rs are liquids.
Vs are vowels.
nasals and pre-nasalized stops cannot begin a word nor syllable.
liquids cannot begin and end both the onset and coda of a syllable.
stressStress falls on the last syllable of the word.
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The nuances of the morphemes will be further discussed in the Syntax chapter. till then, this chapter can serve as a quick reference to come back to when needed.verbs/nounsone thing you need to know about the morphology is that Durin roots can be either verbs or nouns. both mark for person and number.person and number
1
2
3
singular
zurin
zurind
zurid
paucal
dzurin
dzurind
dzurid
plural
durin
durind
durid
‘to dig’
‘to drink’
‘to know’
‘to spin’
‘to give’
‘to fall’
1s
zurin
xirnd
xorog
sim
fiŋ
zop
2s
zurind
xirnd
xorog
simb
fing
zop
3s
zurid
xird
xorog
sib
fig
zop
1pc
dzurin
kxirnd
kxorog
tsim
fiŋ
zop
2pc
dzurind
kxirnd
kxorog
tsimb
fing
zop
3pc
dzurid
kxird
kxorog
tsib
fig
zop
1p
durin
kirnd
korog
tsim
fiŋ
zop
2p
durind
kirnd
korog
tsimb
fing
zop
3p
durid
kird
korog
tsib
fig
zop
The root form of the noun and the form found in the lexicon is the first-person plural.Pronounsobject pronouns
animate
mechanical
inanimate
1s
vin
-
-
1pc
bvin
-
-
1p
bin
-
-
2s
vind
kleng
-
2pc
bvind
kleng
-
2p
bind
kleng
-
3
vid
kleg
drak
3pc
vind
kleg
drak
3p
vin
kleg
drak
Demonstratives
this
that
singular
zir
vel
paucal
dzir
bvel
plural
dir
bel
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nominalizerstool: replace the last consonant with l
durin ‘to dig’ > duril ‘hands’
korog ‘to know’ > korol ‘book’
kirnd ‘to drink’ > kirl ‘cup’result: add the suffix -dal
durin ‘to dig’ > durindal ‘hole’
kirnd ‘to drink’ > kirnddal ‘drunkenness’
zop ‘to fall’ > zopdal ‘death’
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sentence ordersentences in the nonfuture tense take the order OSV while future tense sentences take the form SVO. the subject is optional if it is a pronoun.
Zurindal zurin.
hole.sing. 1s.dig.
I dug/am digging a hole.
Zurin zurindal.
1s.dig hole.s.
I will dig a hole.